Raspberry is a berry that is very popular and special love among many gardeners. It’s all the more unpleasant when, for no apparent reason, planting crops that have been fruiting for several years before this start to hurt and wither. The reason for this can be diseases and pests, which, the most common, will be described in this article.

The main diseases of raspberries

The sooner the initial signs of the disease are detected, the more chances you will have of a successful treatment. Therefore, it is very important to know about the first symptoms of the onset of the disease, as well as what measures should be taken immediately.

Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases are perhaps the most common not only on raspberries, but also on garden crops in general. Very often, the cause of the emergence and development of such problems are increased humidity, lack of sunlight and neglected, too dense plantings.

Purple Spotting (Didimella)

The causative agent of purple spotting is Didimella mushroom. Raspberry stalks cover elongated pink spots. First of all, buds and stems are susceptible to the attack of the fungus, in a more severe and neglected form, didimella can go to the branches and petioles of the leaves.

Purple spotting has pronounced signs, which allows, especially in the early phase, to diagnose it almost unmistakably:

• the spots increase in size and stretch, which is clearly visible on the light surface of the annual growth;
• with the increase in the size of spots, they darken, acquire a brown color with a burgundy hue. At the same time, in the middle part of the spot, you can see light areas on which tuberosities of the rust color are formed - these are didimella pycnids;
• with the development of purple spotting, areas affected by spots crack, the bark peels off. The spots themselves grow even more, merging into a single large array, after which the shoots break. The buds stop growing and dry out.

The most likely risk of developing the disease in late summer or early fall. It is then that the period of maturation of the pathogen begins.

Among the risk factors that contribute to the spread of purple spotting, we can distinguish:

• dense landings;
• high humidity;
• a small amount of sunlight;
• concomitant disease - stem gall midge.

The older the plant, the more susceptible it is to the disease. Ashipless cultivars with brown or red stems are less susceptible to disease. Did you know? From 1 ha of forest raspberries, bees can collect up to 70 kg of honey, from the same area of ​​garden culture - 20 kg less. In addition, by collecting nectar, bees increase raspberry yield by 1.5-2 times.

White spotting (septoria)

Signs of damage to the plant with white blotch are very similar to the symptoms of purple blotch. The causative agent of the disease is Septoria fungus, hence the second name - Septoria.

The main external difference between the signs of the onset of the disease and the same symptoms of didimella is in the color of the spots. At first they are brown, then lighten, become almost white. In the central part of the spots, black dots are visible - colonies of fungal spores. The more spots become, the more it affects the condition of the plant - the leaves turn yellow, then it dries and crumbles.

If you start the development of the disease to this stage, the plant may die. The most favorable conditions for the development of the disease are a high level of humidity and an air temperature of +20 ... + 22 ° C.

Anthracnose

A disease affecting foliage and stems of plants. It is very common both in small private gardens, and in large agricultural enterprises. In terms of distribution and danger it is second only to gray rot, perhaps.

The first sign of the onset of the disease is the appearance of individual small spots on the stems. The spots are light gray in color, surrounded by a rim of plum hue. Those parts of the stem where spots form are dry. The spots increase in size, combine into one large massif, forming large ulcers. The bark on the stems begins to peel off, the foliage curls and dries.

As with most fungal diseases, the conditions under which the risk of developing anthracnose increases are traditional: excessive thickening of plantings, high humidity, cool summers, lack of measures for the prevention of viral diseases and lack of sunlight.

Powdery mildew

First signs: the tips of the shoots are covered with a light whitish coating. At the beginning of the process, plaque affects both sides of the leaf plate, petioles and young tips of the shoot. If the air humidity is high, plaque becomes more loose, at the same time, dense structure, becomes more noticeable.

In the case when the weather is dry and hot, it is much more difficult to detect a coating - it practically merges with the natural silver edge of raspberry leaves. The foliage affected by powdery mildew stops developing, turns yellow, it develops symptoms of chlorosis.

The peak activity of the disease falls in June or early July, that is, including, during fruiting. The pathogen “spends” the winter in the kidneys of diseased shoots, sometimes on the fallen leaves affected by powdery mildew.

With the development of the disease, the growth and development of the tips of the shoots and the green mass of the plant is suppressed. Further, necrosis of the diseased parts of the bush develops, freezing out of those areas that did not have time to die out in the fall. Fruits affected by powdery mildew are smaller, covered with an ashen-blue coating and acquire a characteristic mushroom smell.

Wilt

Wilt, he's a verticillic wilting. Mycelia or chlamydospores of the fungus spend the winter in the soil to a depth of 30 cm. After the thaw, when favorable weather conditions are established, the pathogen penetrates raspberry tissue through the root system and spreads throughout the plant.

Although the mushroom attacks the plant with the advent of spring (infection occurs at this time), the first signs of wilt can be detected only with the onset of summer heat.

Withering occurs as follows:

• the foliage dries quickly enough and turns yellow;
• the upper leaves remain dry on the branches, and the lower ones crumble;
• sprouts of raspberry become dark blue or plum color, cease to develop;
• the tips of the shoots affected by the wilt fade and die, although they can persist until the next season, and even bring a meager crop of small, dry and sluggish raspberries.

Find out why raspberry leaves turn yellow.

For some time, the roots of the plant still remain capable of fulfilling their functions. However, they can no longer cope fully with the reproduction function - the number of new shoots is noticeably reduced. If effective treatment was not provided on time, the plantations die in 1-2 years.

Gray Rot (Botritis)

The most common fungal disease of fruit and berry crops. Ash-like spots form on the fruits, which grow with time and cover the entire surface of the fruit. The berry rots, after which a fairly dense coating of a bluish tint, containing the pathogen spores, forms on its surface.

Disputes, using moisture and air as transmission paths, can spread quite quickly over all raspberry plantings. Particularly good gray rot migrates through the garden in cool, rainy weather.

Plants affected by decay (in addition to fruits, the disease spreads to the stems and foliage), most likely, will not survive the winter frosts.

Ulcerative spotting

The causative agent of ulcerative spotting is Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae Laub. (syn. C. fuckelii Sacc.). Young shoots of culture cover spots of elongated rust color. These spots resemble grooves pressed into the surface of the stem. With the development of the disease, the spots increase in size and become lighter, penetrating even deeper into the surface of the stem. The parts of the stem affected by the spotting die off, small blotches of black color are formed on them (the fruiting body of the fungus).

In July, the bark of the plant cracks, peels and crumbles. Under the dead bark, you can find a long ulcer stretched along the shoot, the edges of which are turned out. On such branches, the lateral processes and all foliage dry and yellow. The causative agent lives as a saprophyte on dead parts of the plant. In the event that treatment has not been carried out and preventive measures have not been taken (harvesting dry parts of the plant, treating with herbicides, thinning out plantings, etc.), saprophytes can cause ulcerative spotting on young raspberry shoots. We recommend learning about the autumn planting of raspberries.

Viral diseases

The diseases caused by viruses are perhaps the most dangerous for raspberries. The insidiousness of viral diseases, in addition to directly causing harm to plants, lies in the method of transmission of infection. Viruses can pass from an infected plant to a healthy one not only by airborne droplets, but also be carried by some pests, such as aphids and cicadas. Most viral diseases cannot be treated effectively.

Witch's broom (dwarfism)

Mycoplasma disease, which is also called sprouting or dwarfism, it is also Rubus Stunt. Symptoms are expressed as follows: the bushes give birth to a large number of shoots that do not bear fruit. The shoots are formed in large numbers (up to 200 on one bush), while the branches are very small.

The disease is extremely insidious - if you do not notice the first symptoms in time, the whole raspberry can very soon become ill. A witch's broom is considered an incurable disease, when the first signs are detected, the affected plant should be immediately removed and destroyed outside the garden. It is necessary to remove all the remains of a diseased bush (roots, leaves, stems and their parts). The carrier of dwarfism is cicadas.

Curly hair

When raspberries are damaged by curl, the edges of the leaves curl down, the leaves themselves become stiff, bumpy, change color first to dark green, and by the beginning of September become copper-brown.

Fruit branches are deformed, the fruits themselves dry. Raspberries practically stop growing and developing, the tops of the shoots die off.

The main signs of curliness: foliage becomes stiff, curled with a tube, their color changes. First, they acquire a burgundy hue, after which they fade and dry. The same thing happens with fruits, which, in addition, acquire an ugly shape and sour taste.

There is no sense in treating raspberries affected by curly hair - in the third or fourth season, she will die anyway. The only effective method of control is to destroy the diseased plant as soon as possible.

Important! Planting material of the culture should be subjected to a particularly thorough inspection upon purchase - the risk of disease on the site from diseased seedlings is especially great. You can not only grow a diseased plant, but also infect previously planted healthy raspberries of other varieties.

Mosaic

The main mosaic carrier is aphids. The disease appears as follows:

• foliage is covered with small spots, various in size and shape, which by the end of August acquire a spotty color;
• leaves become small, shoots are weak and fragile, grow very poorly;
• the berries are made dry, small and hard, as if becoming stiff. It is impossible to eat them.

As a result of the defeat of culture by a mosaic, it does not perish, however, it is not subject to full recovery.

Bacterial diseases

Of the diseases of raspberry, the causative agent of which are bacteria, the most common are bacterial cancers - root and stem.

Root cancer

The most common bacterial disease on raspberries. The causative agent of cancer is the bacterium Pseudomonas tu-mefaciens (Smith et Towns.) Stev. The root of the bush becomes infected with damage of a mechanical nature (planting, loosening, digging). The cause of the development of the disease can be pests.

The main symptoms of root cancer:

• on the roots, due to abnormal cell division, tubercles form, inside which pathogen microorganisms live. The foliage of the plant turns yellow, growth stops. In a particularly serious form, the disease can lead to the death of a bush, but, more often, the most serious consequence of cancer is the suppression of plant development;
• after 2-3 seasons, Pseudomonas tu-mefaciens destroy the microorganisms that live in the soil, which leads to the recovery of raspberry. Although, under adverse conditions, a relapse of the disease can occur.

Among the factors that enhance the negative impact of cancer on culture, we can distinguish the following:

• poor climatic conditions;
• poor soil and lack of top dressing;
• continuous cultivation of crops in one area.

Stem cancer

The stem form of cancer differs from the root one in that, as the name implies, the stems of the plant are affected. The tuberous formations on the stems grow together over time, which leads to damage and exfoliation of the bark. Bushes devoid of natural protection die from winter frosts.

Raspberry Pests

Various pests, which not only destroy the plantings of fruit crops or their parts (fruits, leaves, young shoots, etc.), but also can carry some diseases, are no less a threat to garden cults than various diseases.

Raspberry beetle

The beetle spends the winter in the soil, to a depth of 10 cm, and with the onset of the spring thaw, after the temperature of the soil rises to +10 ... + 12 ° C, the insect awakens from hibernation and climbs to the surface. Until buds form on raspberries, the pest eats the nectar of previously flowering plants.

After the appearance of the buds, the beetle switches to them. With the onset of the flowering phase, the females lay their eggs, after which they eat the bush, or rather, its berries, and the insect larvae begin. During the harvest period, the beetle is immersed in the ground for wintering.

Stem gall midge

The most common pest in the central regions, in southern Russia and Ukraine. The insect is small in size (length does not exceed 2 mm), it has a chocolate back and transparent wings.

The stems of the plant suffer most from gall midges. At the bottom and in the middle of the stem, a kind of bubbles are formed - galls. It is in the Gauls that the insect larvae spend the winter. With the onset of spring, the larvae feed on the stem core, during flowering, the adult gall midge lays eggs on young shoots. 4 weeks after oviposition, galls appear on the stems - the home of insect larvae.

In places located above the Gauls, the stems dry out and break. If you ignore the presence of the pest, and do not start the fight against it in time, it may well destroy up to 2/3 of the plantings.

Stem fly

Insect larvae spend the winter in the soil of the root region of the bush at a depth of 5-6 cm. With the onset of favorable weather conditions, namely, with the advent of spring, the larvae pupate, after which flies appear. Adult insects lay eggs in the leaf sinuses and on the tops of the shoots. Larvae eat the soft cores of the shoots, causing damage to the stems from the inside. Before the culture blooms, pests gnaw through the walls of shoots and fall into the soil, where they immerse themselves in hibernation.

Stem aphid

This is the most common pest of raspberry plantings. Of particular danger is the raspberry growing in the shade. When invaded by aphids, it forms colonies on inflorescences and tips of young shoots. In plants that have been attacked by a pest, the foliage is folded into a tube, the shoots are deformed and slow down growth, the flowers dry out.

In addition to damage to raspberries, the insect is a carrier of various viruses. The greatest risk of aphids in crop plantings occurs during periods of drought.

Ticks

A spider mite can be found on raspberries and blackberries, although other varieties of the pest do not "ignore" the culture. Regardless of the particular type of arachnid, those that prefer raspberries to other plants are called raspberry mites. The tick has a very small size - the length of the female does not exceed 0.6 mm, the male is even smaller.

The body of the insect is red, pistachio or cream. Three days after oviposition pinkish caterpillars appear - larvae. The parasite has three pairs of legs, and another day later, in the stage of the nymph, another pair of limbs appears. Did you know? Ticks according to the zoological classification belong to the class of Arachnids, a subclass of Ticks. That is, from a scientific point of view, the pest is much closer to spiders than to insects.

After another four days, the tick becomes an adult, and, subsequently, the female is able to lay up to 200 eggs for her short life, lasting one month.

The tick damages the raspberry foliage, covers it with cobwebs and drinks juice. The upper side of the leaf plate is made knobby. Until then, it is extremely difficult to detect the appearance of a pest due to the small size of the spider - it is quite difficult to examine it with the naked eye.

If ticks appeared on the stems - a sign of an extremely advanced stage of damage by the pest. The whole bush is covered with cobwebs, the foliage becomes pale and crumbles. The buds stop growth and development, the volume of the crop drops markedly.

Pest and Disease Control

Let us dwell in more detail on the description of methods and methods of combating the listed diseases and pests. The tables show the raspberry disease and its pests, as well as the most effective drugs to combat them.

Disease	Preparations	Terms and features of processing
Fungal	3% бордоская жидкость или другие фунгициды, содержащие медь: «ХОМ» (активное вещество — оксихлорат меди), «Купроксат» (сульфат меди), «Купрозан» (оксихлорат меди + «Цинеб»)	Весной, пока не «проснулись» почки, осенью, после того, как опадут листья. Если указанных мер недостаточно, во время вегетационного периода, до образования завязей, применяют такие препараты: Бодоская жидкость (1%); «Фталан» (0, 5%); «Каптан» (0, 5%); «Цинеб» (0, 7%).
Viral	Против вирусов эффективных методов лечения не существует. В данном случае, единственное что можно сделать — как можно скорее обнаружить поражённое растение, полностью его выкопать, собрать все биологические остатки и сжечь за пределами сада. Многие специалисты рекомендуют не сажать повторно культуру на месте обнаружения вирусов в ближайшие 5 лет.	-
Бактериальные (корневой рак и стеблевой рак)	Большой опасности для посадок болезни не представляют, применение химсредств не требуется. Внесение в грунт суперфосфата или смеси сернокислого аммония и калиевой соли способствует скорейшему уничтожению возбудителя. Органика помогает подавить развитие патогенных бактерий.	Внесение минеральных (суперфосфат, сернокислый аммоний+калиевая соль) и органических удобрений весной, до начала активного сокодвижения, и осенью, во время предзимней подготовки сада

Important! За один период вегетации не следует обрабатывать малину фунгицидами более трёх раз.

Pest	A drug	Сроки и особенности обработки
Малиновый жук	«Децис», «Конфидор», «Карбофос»	Согласно инструкции
Стеблевая галлица	«Карбофос» (раствор 0, 1-0, 2%); "Decis"; бордоская жидкость (1%)	Весной, до начала яйцекладки вредителя. Осенью, во время предзимних работ по саду, после перекопки грунта.
Стеблевая муха	«Децис», «Карбофос», «Актеллик»	Весной, до распускания почек. Осенью, после сброса растением листьев.
Стеблевая тля	«Карбофос», «Актеллик»	В период распускания почек
Ticks	Коллоидная сера (1%); «Актеллик»;«Акрекс»; Fitoverm;	Внекорневую обработку раствором коллоидной серы выполняют до того, как малина начнёт цвести, остальные инсектициды и акарициды применяют, согласно инструкции.

Как известно, болезнь всегда легче предотвратить, чем избавиться от неё. Для того, чтобы максимально снизить риск развития заболеваний и появления вредителей, достаточно своевременно проводить профилактические мероприятия — прореживать посадки малины, вносить необходимые подкормки, тщательно убирать с территории малинника все остатки растений и др.